What is DevOps?
Answer: DevOps is a culture and set of practices that bring together software development (Dev) and IT operations (Ops) to improve collaboration and productivity by automating infrastructure, workflows, and continuously measuring application performance.
Explain the concept of "Infrastructure as Code" (IaC)?
Answer: IaC is a practice of managing and provisioning infrastructure through machine-readable script files rather than physical hardware configuration or interactive configuration tools.
What are the key principles of DevOps?
Answer: Collaboration, automation, measurement, and sharing (CAMS).
Name some popular version control tools?
Answer: Git, SVN, Mercurial.
What is Continuous Integration (CI)?
- Answer: CI is the practice of automatically integrating code changes from multiple contributors into a shared repository multiple times a day. It often involves automated testing.
What is Continuous Deployment (CD)?
Answer: CD is the process of automatically deploying code changes to production after passing automated tests in a continuous integration pipeline.
Explain the concept of "Microservices."
- Answer: Microservices is an architectural approach where a software application is composed of small, independent services that communicate through well-defined APIs.
What is Docker?
- Answer: Docker is a platform for developing, shipping, and running applications in containers.
Differentiate between containers and virtual machines.
- Answer: Containers share the host OS kernel, are lightweight, and have faster startup times compared to virtual machines. VMs have a complete OS and are isolated.
What is Kubernetes?
- Answer: Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform that automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.
Explain the concept of "Blue-Green Deployment."
- Answer: Blue-Green Deployment is a technique where two environments, blue and green, are set up. The new version is deployed to one environment while the other serves production. The switch is made when the new version is stable.
What is the purpose of a "Load Balancer"?
- Answer: A Load Balancer distributes network traffic across multiple servers to ensure no single server is overwhelmed, optimizing resource utilization and improving application performance and availability.
What is Jenkins?
- Answer: Jenkins is an open-source automation server used for building, testing, and deploying code changes.
What is Git branching, and why is it important?
- Answer: Git branching allows developers to create isolated environments for new features or bug fixes. It's essential for parallel development and maintaining a clean, stable codebase.
Explain the term "Infrastructure as a Service" (IaaS).
- Answer: IaaS is a cloud computing service that provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. Users can rent virtual machines, storage, and networks on a pay-as-you-go basis.
What is the role of "Configuration Management" in DevOps?
- Answer: Configuration Management involves automating and managing the configuration of software and infrastructure, ensuring consistency and reducing manual errors.
What is "Continuous Monitoring" in DevOps?
- Answer: Continuous Monitoring involves actively observing and collecting data from systems and applications in real-time to ensure optimal performance, identify issues, and support informed decision-making.
Define "Shift-Left" in the context of DevOps.
- Answer: Shift-Left is the practice of incorporating processes and testing earlier in the software development lifecycle to catch and address issues sooner, reducing the cost and impact of defects.
What is a "Pipeline as Code" in CI/CD?
- Answer: Pipeline as Code involves defining and managing the entire CI/CD pipeline using code, allowing version control, sharing, and automation of the pipeline.
Explain the "Immutable Infrastructure" concept.
- Answer: Immutable Infrastructure is an approach where infrastructure components, once deployed, are never modified. Instead, new instances are created to replace the old ones.
What is the purpose of a "Reverse Proxy"?
- Answer: A Reverse Proxy forwards client requests to servers, acting as an intermediary. It helps improve security, performance, and scalability.
What is the role of "Monitoring" in DevOps?
- Answer: Monitoring involves collecting and analyzing data to ensure the health, performance, and availability of systems and applications. It helps detect and respond to issues promptly.
How does DevOps contribute to Agile development practices?
- Answer: DevOps complements Agile by promoting collaboration, automation, and continuous feedback throughout the software development and delivery lifecycle.
What is "Infrastructure as Service" (IaaC) in DevOps?
- Answer: IaaC refers to managing and provisioning infrastructure using code, enabling automation, version control, and consistent deployment of infrastructure resources.
Explain the concept of "Git Flow."
- Answer: Git Flow is a branching model that defines a branching strategy for development, release, and hotfix branches to manage code changes efficiently.
What is the purpose of the "Artifact Repository" in DevOps?
- Answer: An Artifact Repository is a centralized location for storing and managing binary artifacts generated during the software development and deployment process.
Define "Infrastructure Automation."
- Answer: Infrastructure Automation involves using code and scripts to automate the provisioning, configuration, and management of infrastructure components.
What is the significance of "Chaos Engineering" in DevOps?
- Answer: Chaos Engineering is the practice of intentionally introducing controlled, small-scale failures into a system to identify weaknesses and improve its resilience and reliability.
What is "Feature Toggling" or "Feature Flags"?
- Answer: Feature Toggling is a technique where features in an application are controlled dynamically, allowing developers to enable or disable features without changing code.
Explain the concept of "Continuous Testing" in DevOps.
- Answer: Continuous Testing involves running automated tests throughout the development and deployment pipeline to quickly identify and address issues in the code.
How does DevOps promote "Collaboration" between development and operations teams?
- Answer: DevOps encourages shared responsibility, communication, and collaboration between development, operations, and other stakeholders throughout the software delivery lifecycle.
What is the role of "Container Orchestration" in DevOps?
- Answer: Container Orchestration involves automating the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications to ensure they run reliably in production.
Explain the concept of "Canary Deployment."
- Answer: Canary Deployment is a technique where a new version of an application is gradually rolled out to a subset of users or servers before being deployed to the entire infrastructure.
What is the purpose of "Log Management" in DevOps?
Answer: Log Management involves collecting, analyzing, and monitoring log data to gain insights into system behavior, troubleshoot issues, and ensure security and compliance.
Define "Single Sign-On" (SSO) in the context of DevOps.
- Answer: Single Sign-On is an authentication process that allows users to access multiple systems or applications with a single set of credentials, promoting convenience and security.
How does "Infrastructure as Code" contribute to DevOps practices?
- Answer: IaC enables the automation and versioning of infrastructure configuration, reducing manual errors, ensuring consistency, and facilitating collaboration between development and operations teams.
What is "Dependency Management" in DevOps?
- Answer: Dependency Management involves tracking and managing the external libraries, frameworks, and components that an application relies on, ensuring version compatibility and security.
What are the benefits of using "Cloud Services" in a DevOps environment?
- Answer: Cloud services provide scalability, flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and resource automation, supporting DevOps practices such as continuous integration, deployment, and infrastructure as code.
Explain the concept of "Immutable Deployment."
- Answer: Immutable Deployment involves deploying application instances that are never modified but are replaced entirely with each update. This approach enhances reliability and simplifies rollback processes.
How does "Security" integrate into DevOps practices?
- Answer: DevSecOps integrates security practices throughout the entire software development and delivery lifecycle, ensuring that security is prioritized and not treated as a separate phase.
What is "Elasticsearch," and how is it used in DevOps?
- Answer: Elasticsearch is a search and analytics engine. In DevOps, it is often used for log aggregation, search, and analysis of large volumes of data generated by applications and systems.
What is the purpose of "Continuous Deployment" in DevOps?
- Answer: Continuous Deployment automates the process of deploying code changes to production after passing automated tests, reducing manual intervention and accelerating the delivery of new features.
What is "Monitoring as Code" in DevOps?
- Answer: Monitoring as Code involves defining and managing monitoring configurations as code, enabling version control, automation, and consistency in setting up monitoring for applications and infrastructure.
What is "Blue-Green-Canary Deployment"?
- Answer: Blue-Green-Canary Deployment combines the concepts of Blue-Green Deployment and Canary Deployment, allowing for safer and more controlled releases by gradually rolling out changes.
How does "Continuous Feedback" contribute to DevOps practices?
- Answer: Continuous Feedback involves actively seeking and providing feedback throughout the development and delivery lifecycle, supporting continuous improvement and collaboration.
What is "ChatOps," and how is it used in DevOps?
- Answer: ChatOps is a collaboration model that integrates chat platforms with automation tools, allowing teams to manage and monitor infrastructure, deployments, and workflows through chat interfaces.
Explain the concept of "GitOps" in DevOps.
- Answer: GitOps is a set of practices where the entire system, including infrastructure and application configuration, is versioned and managed in a Git repository, facilitating automation and collaboration.
What is "Serverless Computing," and how does it fit into DevOps?
- Answer: Serverless Computing allows developers to build and run applications without managing server infrastructure. It fits into DevOps by simplifying deployment, scalability, and maintenance tasks.
How does "Infrastructure as Code" support "Disaster Recovery"?
- Answer: IaC allows for the rapid and automated provisioning of infrastructure, facilitating the recreation of environments in the event of a disaster and minimizing downtime.
What is the "SRE" (Site Reliability Engineering) role in DevOps?
- Answer: SRE is a discipline that incorporates aspects of software engineering and applies them to infrastructure and operations problems. SREs focus on reliability, scalability, and performance of systems.